General Environmental Analysis Essay -- Essays Papers

General Environmental AnalysisThe airway fabrication is very stable and unlikely to change in the near future. There are many reasons for this. Air travel continues to grow and will continue in this fashion as long as the economy stays in an upward trend. US domestic air traffic grew 2.3% in 1998 and 3.5% in the first six months of 1999 according to Air placeation Association. The percentage of flyers has increased an average of 2% each year and the percentage of people who have ever flown before increased from 73% in 1993 to 81% in 1997. (Airport Transport Association, Internet). The top collar reasons that people fly are trading trips (47%), visiting relatives (38%) and going on vacation (13%). Most airline revenues are gained from the fares they charge these passengers, but they also gain ancillary revenues from transporting mail, shipping freight, selling in-flight services and from serving alcoholic beverages (Airport Transportation Association, Internet). The p rimary target market of airline passengers today is the business traveler because business trips account for the majority (47% ) of airline flights. Though this percentage of business trips is slowly declining, the actual public figure of business travelers is increasing. The business traveler fits the description of the average airline passenger of being male, between the ages of 35 and 54, having a household of $60,000 or more and lives in the western region of the country (Airport Transportation Association, Internet). The business traveler tends to be very harm inelastic in terms of plane fares and as a result, airlines provide benefits to them such as priority check-in, expedited baggage handling, denounce flier miles and in-flight cell phones to business people to entice them to fly with their carrier. The other segment of the airline market is that of leisure travelers. These passengers tend to be extremely price sensitive which is exactly opposite the business travele r. As a result, airlines must find ways to beat competitors in terms of prices. Because the leisure traveler is not loyal to any one carrier, price becomes the determining factor in deciding which carrier to fly on. Again just opposite of the business traveler, the number of leisure fliers has decreased while the number of trips has increased. While the industry seems to be doing extremely... ...y another airline and using it through a larger airline may be a smart move. Some amount of capital should be devoted to improving technology because it is, in a sense, the power of the future.BibliographyAir Transport Association. Air travel Survey. Online. MSN.com. Internet. 12 Nov. 2000. Available www.londecon.co.uk/pubs/comp/crb8.htm.Carey, Susan et.al. AMR, Northwest talks turn serious as pressure rises for decision on merger. Wall pathway Journal. July 12, 2000.Competition Bulletin 8. Online. MSN.com. Internet. 9 Nov.2000. Available www.activemedia-guide.com/airindustry.h tm.Four leading airlines launch global alliance,Transportation and Distribution, Cleveland, OH, August 2000.Mooreman, Robert W. United turns to academics to show alliances aid consumers. Aviation calendar week and Space Technology. New York. Oct.2,2000.Travel Agent. Forecast for the Future Airlines. Online. Yahoo.com. Internet. 12 Nov.2000. Available www.finarticles.com/cf_1/mOVOU/2-298/59013812/p2/article.jhtml.US Business Reporter. Airline Industry Profile. Online. Yahoo.com. Internet. 12 Nov. 2000. Available www.air-transport.org/public/industry/23.asp.

Shifts in Sensibility :: essays research papers

During the end of the seventeenth century and early eighteenth century a socio-political shift occurred. Sensibilities transferred from the logic of the Enlightenment, or Neo-classical Period, to those feelings and emotions of the Romantic Age. During the Enlightenment authors such as Molire & Swift used reason and rational to present their ideas. They address broad socio-political issues with their writings. Molire in his sarcastic work, Tartuffe, focuses upon hypocrisy within the clergy. He uses Clante to voice his argument of logic against Tartuffe throughout the play. Swift, in A Modest Proposal, uses shock therapy to motivate muckle into action with anger and wrath. Swift still uses the philosophy of the Enlightenment his narrator provides sound, well-considered arguments and logic in sharing his proposal. And Swift, himself, provides us with an actual list of proposed solutions under disguise. two authors attempted to bring about a change in society by reasoning with their audience.When the Enlightenment ended and the Romantics took hold, logic gave way to emotions. The Romantic Poets relied upon their feelings and were determined by their passions. They were inspired by nature and by the predilection. They focused upon the uniqueness of the individual, non broad socio-political issues. Rousseaus Confessions perfectly exemplifies the change in sensibilities. The piece focuses straightaway upon is unique, individual life. He relies completely on his feelings. His thoughts and longings center around his whims and fancy, not upon logic. He states that it is only objects for which he yearns which tempt and sometimes lead him to thievery. He would not consider stealing actual money, which he could use to purchase the desired items. He prefers to let the impetuous passion guide his actions. He makes tracks for Paris which he had heard so much praised without any money or means of support or even any real plan for such (674). Rousseau claims that he is u nable to simply sit and write what comes to mind, the train of thought process. He states that his writings under such circumstances result in dense and loquacious ramblings of which his meaning is difficult to make out (672). He finds it tough to organize his thoughts and opinions without adequate time to arrange his mind. Another prime example of Romantic ideals is William Woodsworth Lines make up Above Tintern Abbey. Woodsworth delightfully captures for the reader the beloved place of his youth. Only with the reflection of age does he realize that the natural beauty lied within his imagination and the warmth of his memories.

Lust and the Degeneration of Man Exposed in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 129 Es

Lust and the Degeneration of Man Exposed in Shakespeares 129th Sonnet Love in its purest form is the most best of all emotions, requiring intense commitment, while simultaneously providing incomparable bliss. However, often the intense desire for these feelings produces a new emotion, lust, with a craving that gives priority to obtaining an objectified person, as conflicting to a very real human. Lust can be further practically defined as the inability to place selfless love on a higher pedestal than selfish desire. Shakespeare explores these conflicting definitions of lust in his 129th sonnet, condemning his animalistic variations of lust that coexist with his desire for a genuine produce of love. As opposed to following the traditional convention of idealizing a woman and her attributes, Shakespeare breaks the concordance and focuses on the dehumanizing effect of the womans attributes on his character. The general stylus in this sonnet is the speakers analysis of the mental me thods through which he has admired a woman. He attempts to craftily define lust so as to rationalize his actions to be correct. However, he gradually gains the knowledge that the lust he has felt is sacrilegious, and must cease. Sonnet 129 opens as the speaker is in dandy distress due to the shallow quality that has permeated his love. He feels as though he has been exhausted of his physical, mental, and moral strength in his pursuit for mutual love. An depreciate of spirit in a waste of shame is the mark of an ill-fated desire that has missed its point of satisfaction, lost in a deep core out of an inescapable nature. When humans fall into such depths of despair, it is quite natural to fall back into the animalistic undertones that creep ste... ...9). Works CitedFineman, Joel. Shakespeares Perjured Eye The Invention of Poetic subjectivity in the Sonnets. Berkeley, U of California P, 1988.Leisham, Stephen. The Riddle of Shakespeares Sonnets. New York Basic Books, 1982. Landry, Scott. ed. A Companion to Shakespeare. Oxford Blackwell, 2001. Martin, Philip. Shakespeares Sonnets Self, Love and Art. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1972.Shakespeare, William. Shakespeares Sonnets. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1996.Vendler, Helen. The Art of Shakespeares Sonnets. Cambridge, MA, and capital of the United Kingdom Harvard UP, 1999. Winny, James. The Master-Mistress A Study of Shakespeares Sonnets. London Chatto and Windus, 1968.Works ConsultedFiedler, Leslie A. Some Contexts of Shakespeares Sonnets. The Riddle of Shakespeares Sonnets. London Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962.

The Debate Regarding the Freedmans Bureau Essay -- African American B

The Debate Regarding the Freedmans Bureau Historians and political theorists have delineated the archetype of equating into two categories the competitive individualist nonion of impactity of process and the egalitarian ideal of equating of results. The former is concerned with providing a level acting field for all, while the latter focuses on a just distribution resulting from the process. Richard Ellis, in his book American Political Cultures, challenges the Hartzian thesis that historically Americans favored equation of process over equality of results, making them competitive individualists. Ellis argues that what is exceptional about America is not that it lacked a results-oriented vision of equality but that those who favored equalizing results believed that equal process was a sufficient condition for realizing equal results (Ellis 1993 44). In other words, the egalitarian spirit was not absent from American history, but Americans believed that justice would high hat b e served through competition. Ellis is correct in making this fine distinction, yet it is important to note that historical evidence suggests that some factions clearly emphasized equality of results regardless of equality of process. In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. Du Bois recounting of the political debate regarding the Freedmans Bureau, clearly highlights this ideological difference.Du Bois poignantly captures the necessity for a jural equalizing measure in his description of the tragedy of slavery and the ragged, conflicted nature of the black consciousness that resulted. He writes, the facing of so vast a prejudice could not but bring the inevitable self-questioning, self-disparagement, and lowering of ideals which ever accompany repressio... ...ows, that given dire circumstances, Americans indeed turn to measures to ensure equality of results rather than relying on equality of processes. Of course, suffrage left much to be desired for African American equality. Jim Crow l aws and other forms of racism continued to plague American society for numerous decades to follow. Nonetheless, the legacy of the Bureau remains an important part of American political history. It may require extreme instances of human misery, tragedy, and utter inequality (such as the design of slavery) to highlight a push for equality of results regardless of the processes. This egalitarian ideology clearly is evident in post-Civil War American legislation. Works CitedDu Bois, W.E.B. 1997. The Souls of Black Folk. capital of Massachusetts Bedford Books.Ellis, Richard. 1993. American Political Cultures, New York Oxford University Press.

Small Soldiers, Ally Mcbeal, Junger’s The Perfect Storm, and Otto’s How to Make an American Quilt :: Comparison Compare Contrast

The Movie Small Soldiers, The Television Show Ally Mcbeal, Jungers Novel The Perfect Storm, and Ottos How to Make an Ameri stinkpot Quilt The movie Small Soldiers, The television series Ally Mcbeal, Jungers novel The Perfect Storm, and Ottos How to Make an American Quilt fall into the big category of methods of entertainment. All of these methods of entertainment are stories, each have common elements of stories, and are writings in themselves. The Movie and show started out as screen plays, so they have the elements that plays and novels have. To learn from these elements you must look at the good and the bad, and aroundtimes you find that you learn more from the bad ones than from the good. Small soldiers uses imagination to purpose its story across. Mainly written for entertainment purposes and because small fighting toys sell with little kids that all wish that their toys could come to life. That ever captivating written operation or violence that keeps our short attention s pans is used constantly in this movie, and is basically what the movie is about. The movie although having much of the trash elements of a bad accomplishment film, does have a meaningful moral, mainly, just because something looks monstrous or grotesque doesnt mean that it is evil. The good guys, GI Joe buff fighters, who are ruthless killers for the American way and look human are the toys with the real evil side, loving torture and killing and doing anything to kill the enemy. The Monsters lead by Archer a haired wolf like creature who does not look human and are grotesque in some ways are really sweet, adorable, good, and help a little boy sort through his problems with girls and his dad. Small Soldiers kept the attention of the audience, especially the younger audience, and still, in a way, got the moral message across. While to some it might have been a waste of time, the way that it kept the attention of a particular audience, catering to a specific watcher, is important, fo r these things must be taken into consideration when I am writing. I must know my reader, and my readers main thoughts and feelings, what will keep my readers attention so that I can most effectively get my message across. Tone in writing is very important in this way. If I was writing for a bunch of children

Small Soldiers, Ally Mcbeal, Junger’s The Perfect Storm, and Otto’s How to Make an American Quilt :: Comparison Compare Contrast

The Movie Small Soldiers, The Television Show Ally Mcbeal, Jungers Novel The perfective tense Storm, and Ottos How to Make an American Quilt The movie Small Soldiers, The television series Ally Mcbeal, Jungers novel The Perfect Storm, and Ottos How to Make an American Quilt fall into the larger category of methods of entertainment. All of these methods of entertainment ar stories, each have common elements of stories, and are pieces in themselves. The Movie and commemorate started out as screen plays, so they have the elements that plays and novels have. To learn from these elements you must look at the good and the meritless, and sometimes you find that you learn more from the bad ones than from the good. Small soldiers uses imagination to get its story across. Mainly written for entertainment purposes and because small fighting toys sell with little kids that all wish that their toys could come to life. That invariably captivating written action or violence that keeps our sho rt anxiety spans is used constantly in this movie, and is basically what the movie is about. The movie although having much of the fight elements of a bad action film, does have a meaningful clean, mainly, just because something looks monstrous or grotesque doesnt mean that it is evil. The good guys, GI Joe fender fighters, who are ruthless killers for the American way and look human are the toys with the real evil side, loving torture and killing and doing anything to kill the enemy. The Monsters lead by Archer a furry wolf like creature who does not look human and are grotesque in some ways are really sweet, adorable, good, and help a little boy sort through his problems with girls and his dad. Small Soldiers kept the attention of the audience, especially the younger audience, and still, in a way, got the moral message across. While to some it might have been a waste of time, the way that it kept the attention of a particular audience, catering to a unique(predicate) watcher, is important, for these things must be taken into consideration when I am writing. I must know my reader, and my readers main thoughts and feelings, what will keep my readers attention so that I can most effectively get my message across. Tone in writing is very important in this way. If I was writing for a bunch of children

Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders

Running peak customary TRAITS indoors perverted PERSONALITY DISORDERS Underlying Normal Traits inwardly Ab familiar disposition Dis ball clubs Student University April 11, 2010 Running gaffer NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Abstract Scholars have argued for decades concerning the situation t palpebra thither atomic number 18 practice record traits implicit in(p) subnormal somebodyality traits in mass who exhibit dys wreakal mortalalities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis consecrates, fourth Edition is the determinative guide on the descriptions of these someoneality characteristics, and it determined that in that location were everal models to be giveed when looking for a universal clinical definition of antidromic spirit. Re huntingers used all the unfit Four, Big fiver or other models to describe what an abnormal somebodyality consisted of and how it related to a normal reputation as studied. Researchers measured rec ord differences based on qualitative, numerical and other key factor differences to determine normal or abnormal functioning personalities. It was difficult to determine one substantive definition, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noned.Later, the definition of character dysfunctions include life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the individual was open to function as a member of his society, while meeting the expectations of that society. A persons maladaptiveness and evolutionary sense were added as part of the definition of whether the temperament was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal reputation. To twenty-four hour periodtime, intercession options are expanded from the traditional therapy treatments to include drug therapies, psychodynamic herapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved very successful on non-schizophrenic unhurrieds suffering from abnormal personality traits. Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in good deal who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that current category trunks of personality isorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional scheme designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental maladys, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Experts are leaning towards using a Big Four model, which are essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this issue by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four m odel excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noned from three studies show a relationship examining the actors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results schematic that the Oddity factor was considered more broad than the Cluster A traits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested an alternative five factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes twain normal and abnormal personality characteristics (Watson, 1545). Model Theories The Watson study explains that the Big Four fond organisation was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, like the Big Three and the Big Five models.These cerebrate models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS past personality inventories. When the Big Three a nd Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that two higher order traitsNeuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionalityare included in both models (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a Big Four theory which does not include Openness, but does include m any(prenominal) of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their investigate on the Big Five heory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of Abnormal Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that abnormal personalities can be modeled as extremes of normal personality variation (OConnor & Doyce, 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers agree that it is possible to describe normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they differ on the structure of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen now as a variant of the extremes that can happen when eviewing normal personalities. One way to make sense of the distinctions amid normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality upsets (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By delineate the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be done by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be tilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS between the two models, and others copy similar personality descriptions. Meta-analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta- analyt ic investigation model. This model was proposed by OConnor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The OConnor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to etermine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (OConnor B. P. , 2002). OConnor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities both in the number of factors that exist in the info matrices and in the factor pattern (OConnor B. P. , 2002). The ten abnormal behavior incommodes listed by the DSM-IV are listed as paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessivecompulsive (Livesley & Jang, p. 258). Each of these disorders shows traits, and it is he way that passe-partout clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their pat ients. This listing of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was often defined by distinguishing the qualitative distinction between the two (Livesley & Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in truth researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard pressed to find the dividing lines between the two entities. OConnor asked whether the distinction can be made using formerRunning Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several models to note. The most noteworthy working model organism that there was no evidence of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a domineering representation of personality disorder (Livesley & Jang, p. 259). In other words, there w as no concrete evidence that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder.In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others unhinge personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The answer was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a authoritative answer to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have been considered enough to state that a personality disorder actually existed.Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often mix up and muddle the personality tr aits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is inevitably pathological. Researchers hold that there were to be other additional factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley & Jang, p. 262).That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS distress (Livesley & Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is defined as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position note on any given trait. For example, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality d isorder?Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were determining personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not enough to say the person operated outside of normal personality parameters. The researchers at the time believed that personality disorders were the result of person suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger & Trull, 1991 Widiger & Sankis, 2000).The reason the researchers sought a generalized definition is that without one, they would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait (Livesley & Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since redden normal people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another problem came with the idea of traits as one certain set of behaviors that were renowned on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive.In this way, the researchers determined Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS that the definition of personality disorder take to incorporate features of disorder that are shed light on from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation (Livesley & Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider when determining a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be a system of interrelated structures and processes (Costa & McCrae, 1994 Mischel, 1999Vernon, 1964) which included a person dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to amenable impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered harmful dysfunctions, (Wakefield, 1992 Livesley & Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a persons personality system (Livesley & Jang, p. 263)Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as disturbed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a persons personality as the types of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her self, and life situations, and the strategies used to succeed personal tasks (Livesley & Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder co nsisted of for the individual suffering from it.It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. Here it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers simulated that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his immediate surrounding community and culture.This comes under the order of living in society and meeting the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the persons mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be a ble to delay in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that ould a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island colonisation would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly extreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city would have to understand how to be passage smart and may need to know how to survive in even a potentially violent atmosphere if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a daily basis.Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. tho decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environment on a daily basis. Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Universal Tasks Underlying Personality Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of evolutionary significance nd featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a persons identity was developed and they included the solution to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that perso nality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions hat were considered universally applicable to everyone, or a persons life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a mention harmful dysfunction and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being fulfilled or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. Personality disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early adulthood and hey should be due to extreme personality variation rather than some other pervasive and chronic psychogenic disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder (Livesley & Jang, p. 264). Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Evolutionary Sense Within Personality Traits There was talk of the individ ual not being able to adapt to his environment in an evolutionary sense which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley & Jang, p. 264). This was xplained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and eventually reproduce to pass down his traits to emergence later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live in harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of every individual, whether the person had an abnormal ersonality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what t he common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that we do not necessarily need to know everything about someones personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states instead honestly that psychiatrists iew these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the premier source of personality disorder categorisation (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality.The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered quite inappropriate in such a complicated field (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, outpourings, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical efinition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and movie plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least s ophisticated person in the audience could confidently label as the bad guy. Personality Disorders Studied Abroad Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within heir abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The Peoples Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the revise NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate categories that Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more comprehensive and forgiving system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure f the patients personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the perso nality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV defined traits. They did draw on the same five underlying personality traits (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the persons habits and personal attitudes were all measured o find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the results were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were modest predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still interested in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these persona lity disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to e treated in an effort to offer the patient an opportunity to live a exuberant and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, sychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the uncomplete hospitalization of pati ents (Bateman & Fonagy, 1999). Bateman & Fonagy compared the effectiveness of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman & Fonagy, 1999).The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with An improvement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, reduced inpatient days, and better social and interpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months (Bateman & Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far quality type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the herapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with chronically disturbed non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have affective and personality disorders (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs were considered effective for patients with long-term nonschizophrenic disorders. The Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS atients noted significant improvement in four of the five areas studiedinterpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteemas well as in several of frill associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSMIII). Washington, D C APA. Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder a randomized controlled trial. American ledger of Psychiatry, 156, 1563-1569. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http//ajp. sychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/156/10/1563? ijkey=bb19a5d116af525fe927da3b0a0c0250f3d61de3 Costa, P. T. , & McCrae, R. R. (1994). Can personality change? In T. F. Heatherton, & J. L. Weinberger (Eds. ), Can personality change? (pp. 2140). Washington, DC American Psychological Association. Linehan, M. M. (1992) Cognitive Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York Guilford Press. Livesley, W. John & Jang, Kerry L.. (2005). Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality, European journal of Personality, 19(4), 257-268. Markon, K. E, Krueger, R. F. , & Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and bnormal personality An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psyc hology, 88, 139157. EBSCO Database Academic Search Premier. McCrae, Robert R. , Jian, Yang, et al. (2001). Personality Profiles and the Prediction of Categorical Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality, 69(2), 155-174. Mischel, W. (1999). Personality coherence and dispositions in a CognitiveAffective Personality System (CAPS) approach. In D. Cervone, & Y. Shoda (Eds. ), The coherence of personality (pp. 3760). New York Guilford. OConnor B. P. (2002). The search for dimensional structure differences between normality and bnormality A statistical review of published data on personality and psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83(4), 962982. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12374447 OConnor B. P. & Dyce J. A. (2001) Rigid and extreme A geometric representation of personality disorders in five-factor model space. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 11191130. PubMed Database. Piper, W. E. , Rosie, J. S. , Azim, H. F. A, Joyce A. S. (1993). A randomized trial of psychiatric day treatment for patients with affective and personality disorders. Hosp CommunityPsychiatry, 44, 757763. Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik, & H. Kellerman (Eds. ), Emotion Theory, research, and experience (pp. 333). San Diego, CA Academic. Rutter, M. (1987). Temperament, personality and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 443458. Tyrer, Peter. (2001). Personality disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 81-84. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http//bjp. rcpsych. org/cgi/content/full/179/1/81 Watson, David, Clark, Lee Anna, Chmielewski, Michael. (2008). Structures of Personality and Their Relevance to psychological medicine II.Further Articulation of a Comprehensive Unified Trait Structure. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1545-1586. EBSCO Database Academic Search Premier. Vernon, P. E. (1964). Personality assessment A critical survey. L ondon Methuen. Wakefield, J. C. (1992). Disorder as harmful dysfunction A conceptual critique of DSM-III-Rs definition of mental disorder. Psychological Review, 99, 232247. Widiger, T. A. , & Sankis, L. M. (2000). Adult psychopathology Issues and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 377404. Widiger, T. A. , & Trull, T. J. (1991). diagnosing and clinical assessment. Annual Review of

Should Public Schools Require Student Uniform?

A school logical is a specific de subscribe to for clothing designated to be worn while attending academic classes at a school. The school context comprises grades one through and through twelve of public and private schools in the United States. Different schools and divers(prenominal) grades within schools may have different uniforms, as determined by p bents and school administration. In todays society all public schools should make student uniform. These generations of school kids are more than worried near how your hair looks, what name brand clothes you have on, and withal what kind of shoes are on your feet.These kids are worried about all the wrong things. Instead of worrying about their peers attire they should be into their books. Worrying about all the wrong things can be distracting. When ones focus is on something other than whats important can cause sidetracking. We are under no illusions that its a silver bullet that is going to chafe kids smarter, school board President Pedro A. Ramos said last week. We do think it will improve school climate. It removes a lot of anxiety and stress from lives of our students and parents, (Johnston).To perceive why this is an issue, let us look at the chore, why the problem is significant, whom the problem affects, why others attempts have failed, and how I propose to solve the problem. This is an everlasting bowl over that whether school uniforms should be worn or casual clothing is as good. And like most of the popular debate in the world it has no concrete answer, it totally depends on a persons beliefs actually. For some it is a benefit for others a disadvantage. I believe public schools should require students to wear uniforms.First wearying school uniforms promotes good discipline. Second it reduces distractions. Thirdly it is a far less expensive to buy school uniforms than many other clothes. The problem is that public schools should require student uniform. Having all students wear uniform ca uses the students to focus more on school and not each other. In todays generation, requiring uniforms would take a lot of the pettiness and bullying over fashions and brands out of the schools. Today in most schools kids spend most of their time judging others by their attire sooner than personality.Worrying about other things such as what everyone else is wearing takes attention off of learning and turns it onto attire. Is students paid less attention on what others were wearing and focus on school they would do much better in school. Most times when kids look down on other kids about their clothing it is a sign of bullying. Bullying starts when one person messes with another because they think theyre superior to the other person. It can also start by cliques forming and one clique lecture about another cliques apparel. Gang-related issues are pretty prevalent as a reason for using dress codes, which often prohibit caps, earrings for boys, beepers, miry clothes, and other gang-l inked paraphernalia, says Jay Butler of the NSBA. School districts generally have found the codes effective, though not a cure-all, he said (Tyson). Students are affected by the schools absent them to wear uniform. They are affected because what students wear is a sign of their own identity and individualism. Allowing students to wear what they want allows them to express how they feel not only through their character still the way they dress.Many students feel as though taking away the ability for them to wear what they want will not stop violence, failed grades, and also bullying. Most teachers and parents believe that when students wear uniform they dont have to worry about appropriate versus unlike clothing. Also, fighting in the morning about what they can and cant wear to school. According to at Brunsma at The Journal of Education Research and Rockquemore of University of Notre Dame, such creative hindrance encourages a spot dynamic among students and faculty If students feel inferior to faculty, they may also feel unsupported.This dynamic can impede their ability to focus in school, which can play to behavioral issues (Foster). But in most schools that dont require uniforms, it is common for a teen or preteen student to feel pressure to wear trendy clothing lest she/he be viewed as economically disadvantaged or different. This is a big controversy between students and adults also between adults and adults. Having school uniforms in public schools is very important. Many people may ignore the signs that school uniform is a big issue in todays schools, but others understand the need for these uniforms.One big problem is that when you give kids the ability to wear what they want that gives them a chance for freedom of expression. School uniforms stifle self -expression, and the maturement of the self is as integral as the development of the mind. Experts believe that there is no stopping self -expression in the psychological development of children and teenagers, and that more inappropriate means of expression will arise if clothing is restricted (Directory of Schools). To eliminate the use of derogatory clothing between young public school kids uniform should be rewarded.Having uniform will lower the parents having to fight with the child every morning with what they can and cannot wear to school. People that have attempted to try to take up public schools to enforce school uniforms have failed in many different ways. They have failed because many people believe that just giving children uniforms will not stop them from bullying. Children bully others on the way they look such as the way others hair look, what type of sneakers they have on, and their classification.If school codes are already hard to enforce why they should put another problem on the staffs hands. Sharp decreases in school crime inform by some districts that switched to uniforms have encouraged others to follow suit. In one prominent example, after Long B each, Calif. , became the nations set-back district to require uniforms at mere(a) and middle schools in 1994, crime dropped 36 percent among the 60,000 students (Tyson). Many people have so many different beliefs when it comes to school uniform.I propose to solve this problem by obtaining a survey. I will have two different surveys. I will survey 100 public school children and 100 parents. I will ask everyone the same question. I will ask public school students do they believe uniforms are the best thing for the students. Why? out front I give the survey I will collect information online about why public schools should enforce the use of uniforms. I will then give them the information I found about or why public schools take on the effort to have student uniforms.After that I would announce them my position on the public school uniforms conflict and that I like the idea. Finally, when all the data is collected from the survey I will tally the votes up and give them to the Scho ol Board of Education. In conclusion, because of the bullying that goes on with non-school uniforms, public schools should have school uniforms. Public school uniforms are very important and overcritical because there will not be a differentiation between rich or poor. Like for girls whose shirts are cut lower, or if a boy wears those checkered shorts that they seem to love so much.But with uniforms all of that is taken away because everyone will be wearing the same thing. I know your first questions will be But wheres the individuality? But it can still be there. Kids who roll their sleeves up or fold their collars differently, or who tuck their shirts in or leave them out. There are a LOT of factors to keep in mind. So just to talk about a child individuality and to not protect the other kids that can get emotionally, mentally, and physically damaged by just one word because of what regular clothes they have on is unacceptable.

Theories of Corporate Personality

Theories of Corporate constitution MANAS AGARWAL 5th Semester BA LL. B (B) School of Law Christ University Bangalore INDEX * Research methodological analysis * entranceway * The Common Law Perspectives * Fiction speculation * Concession Theory * The Purpose Theory * Bracket Theory * Realist Theory * Why Corporations? * Corporate Personality And Limited Liability Cases * Macaura v. Union Assurance Co. * leeward v. lees Air Farming * Salomon v. Salomon & Co. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I Manas Agarwal of B. A. LL. B (Hons. ) is veridically grateful to Ms. Fincy V, without whose process and fellowship this project would not have been possible.I am in like manner grateful to the National Law School India University (N. L. S. I. U) Library staff and the Knowledge Centre, Christ University staff, whose cooperation is appreciable. I think this kind of assignments lead to the overall development of the students and I am looking forward to take up such assignments in future. look methodology SCOPE AND FOCUS This look for paper essentially seeks to study and criticise the different theories of corporate character considering the jurisprudential conflicts. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The principal objective of our research is to study and criticise the different theories of corporate mortalality and the concepts down the stairs it. * Another objective of our research is to find conflicts in the midst of the various theories relying on various judgments. RESEARCH QUESTIONS * What is the difference between various theories of corporate personalities. * The meaning and limits of a corporate reputation. METHOD OF ANALYSIS This project has its hindquarters on the following methods of analysis- descriptive The first task is to comprehensively study and critize the jurisprudential theories of corporate personalities.ANALYTICAL Further these concepts and observations tidy sum be analyzed. The valuable knowledge that is gained from studying the commentaries essential be utilise to understand the evolution of the theories and the law itself in terms of some skids. MODE OF CITATION - The researcher(s) has used a uniform mode of citation in this paper. Introduction There is an interesting conflict between philosophic theories as to the spirit of corporate personality and the insurgent demand of economic forces for a further actualisation of those form of organisation which seem so essential to modern behavior.The grant of juristic personality is clearly within the gift of the domain, for it may be refused to ingrained persons. In the case of ingrained person, however, it is clear that law grants legal personality to a physical entity existing in space and possessing what (for lack of better term) we find as homosexual personality. While philosophy may find difficulty in analyzing or describing the real nature of human personality, few of us mistrust that we exist, and we compensate for our defective analysis by an intuitive understanding of our own nature which, however inadequate it may be, at least pay offs a substratum on which to build.As far as legal personality is concerned, in that respect is no very significant difference between that disposed(p) to human worlds and that to non-human beings such as groups or other entity. The decision of House of Lords in Salomon v A Salomon & Co. Ltd had a lasting influence in hatful law. It is often credited with the article of belief of separate legal entity of the grass distinct from the members. Though on that point is no doubt that the Salomon case had play a significant role in familiarity law, the decision in this case was hardly the origin of the separate legal entity principle.The legal entity of beings other than the human has long been accepted prior to 1897, in which the Salomon case was decided. The jurisprudence theories on juristic person had been established since the early Roman law to justify the origination of legal person other than the human. The State, religious bodies and preparation institutions had long been recognized as having legal entity distinct from the members. The acceptance of the corporate personality of a social club basically kernel that another non-human entity is recognized to involve a legal entity. This can be seen from the many theories of jurisprudence on corporate personality.Majority of the principal jurisprudence theories on corporate personality contended that the legal entity of the corporation is artificial. The parable, concession, symbolist and purpose theories supported the contention that existence of corporation as a legal person is not real. It only exists because the law of the state recognized it as legal person and it is recognized either for certain purpose or objectives. The fiction possibleness, for example, clearly stated that the existence of corporation as a legal person is purely fiction and that the rights attached to it totally depend on how much the law imputes upon it by fiction.The Common Law Perspectives Generally, there be two types of person which the law recognized, namely the natural and artificial person. The former is confined and for human beings while the latter is generally referred to any being other than human being which the law recognized as having duties and rights . One of the around recognized artificial persons is the corporation. Legal scholars, particularly the jurists, have eer explored the tell apart on the recognition of corporation as a legal person.In the study of jurisprudence, the separate legal personality of corporation is based upon theories, which are concentrated upon the philosophic explanation of the existence of personality in beings other than human someones. W. Friedman stated that All law exists for the sake of liberty inherent in each individual therefore the original concept of personality must coincide with the idea of man. Even though there are many theories which attempted to explain the nat ure of corporate personality, none of them is said to be dominant.It is claimed that while each possibility contains elements of truth, none can by itself sufficiently interpret the phenomenon of juristic person. Nonetheless, there are five principal theories, which are used to explain corporate personality, namely, the fiction possibleness, realist possible action, the purpose theory, the bracket theory and the concession theory. Fiction Theory The fiction theory holds that corporations are simply legal fictions, make waterd and sustained by an act of the state. They are endowed with corporate personality simply because this is a convenient form by means of which the natural persons behind the corporation may conduct their business.According to this theory, the legal personality of entities other than human beings is the result of a fiction. Hence, not being a human being, corporation cannot be a real person and cannot have any personality on its own. Originally, the outward fo rm that corporate bodies are fictitious personality was directed at ecclesiastic bodies. The doctrine was used to explain that the ecclesiastic colleges or universities could not be excommunicated or be guilty of a delict as they have neither a body nor a go forth. The famous case of Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd is a proof of the English court espousal of the fiction theory.In this case, Lord Halsbury stated that the important question to decide was whether in truth an artificial creation of the legislature had been validly constituted. It was held that as the participation had accomplish requirements of the Companies Act, the company becomes a person at law, independent and distinct from its members. Despite its instrumental conception of the corporation, the fiction theory still affords a sufficient basis for according corporations legal rights. Indeed, it is on the basis of the fiction that corporations are persons that they possess the legal rights they do, such as private pro perty rights.However the fiction theory affords no basis for the recognition of moral rights of corporations. On the fiction view, corporations, as creatures of the State, have only those rights granted them by the State. The personality the corporation enjoys is not inherent in it besides as conceded by the state. Due to the close connection made in this theory as regards to relation of legal personality and the power of the state, fiction theory was claimed to be similar to the theory of sovereignty of state which is also known as the concession theory. Concession TheoryA group of persons wanting to create a corporation will have to execute documents and comply with requirements set by the state before being given corporate personality exactly a privilege state may provide causes for which the privilege may be withdrawn. It maintains that the law is the only source from which the legal personality may flow. The law lays charge certain conditions which creates the legal persona lity of a corporation. Corporate form is therefore a concession given by the state. The concession theory is basically connect with the philosophy of the sovereign national state.It is said to be essentially a product of the rise of the national state at a time when there were rivals between religious congregations and organizations of feudal origin for the claim of national state to complete sovereignty. Under the concession theory, the state is considered to be in the same take aim as the human being and as such, it can confer on or withdraw legal personality from other groups and associations within its jurisdictions as an refer of its sovereignty. Hence, a juristic person is merely a concession or creation of the state.Concession theory is often regarded as the offspring of the fiction theory as it has similar claim that the corporations within the state have no legal personality except as it is conceded by the state. Exponents of the fiction theory, for example, Savigny, Dic ey and Salmond are fix to support this theory. Nonetheless, it is that while the fiction theory is ultimately a philosophical theory that a corporation is merely a name and a amour of the intellect, the concession theory is indifferent as regards to the question of the reality of a corporation in that it focuses on the sources of which the legal power is derived.Dicey took the view that sovereignty is merely a legal conception which indicates the law-making power unrestricted by any legal limits. The Purpose Theory This theory is also known as the theory of Zweckvermogen. Similar to the fiction and concession theories, it declares that only human beings can be a person and have rights. Entities other human is regarded as an artificial person and merely function as a legal device for protecting or giving effect to some real purpose. As corporations are not human, they can merely be regarded as juristic or artificial person.Under this theory, juristic person is no person at all but merely as a subject less property destined for a particular purpose and that there is ownership but no owner. The juristic person is not constructed round a group of person but based on the object and purpose. The property of the juristic person does not perish to anybody but it may be dedicated and legally bound by certain objects. This theory rationalized the existence of many charitable corporations or organizations, such as cunning unions, which have been recognized as legal persons for certain purposes and have continuing fund.It is also closely linked with the legal system which regard the institution of exoteric law and the endowment of private law as legal personalities. Bracket Theory According this theory, a company consisting of its members or per centumholders exists and it is inconvenient to refer always to all of them, a bracket is placed around them to which a name is given but in order to understand the real position we must remove the bracket. The real status i s given in realist theory. Realist Theory On the realist view, the corporation is more than a legal fiction, and more than simply an agreement between its shareholders.It is an autonomous institution with a demonstrable extra-legal existence, analogous in some respects to a self-governing state. Like the contract theory, the realist theory recognises that the shareholders of a corporation delegate the powers of control over their property to the corporations management so that the property can be pooled towards a unified purpose. Unlike under the contract theory, however, the shareholders are seen more as investors in the corporation than owners of it.This is why managers owe fiduciary duties not simply to the shareholders, but to the corporate person as a whole. Of the 3 theories, only the realist theory seems capable in principle of supporting moral rights for corporations, because only it grants them a real social existence apart from the concession of the state or the agreement of their shareholders. However it seems that the realist theory of corporate personality has fallen out of favour amongst modern academic writers. This may be because it seems to accurately recognise only a check subset of corporations.Many types of corporations which have assumed greater importance since the realist view gained prominence, including holding companies and trustee companies, sit uneasily within the realist framework. Nevertheless it is believed that the realist theory is potentially the most useful of the three set out higher up, so long as the subset of corporations to which it most accurately applies can be sufficiently delineated. By itself the theory seems incapable of providing any basis for such delineation. If the realist conception of the corporation is to be salvaged at all, its assumptions must be explicated by some other theory.Why Corporations? The above survey of the theories of corporate personality has revealed no complete conception of the corpora tion which justifies the recognition of moral rights of corporate persons. To some extent, this is hardly surprising. Corporate personality is a legal concept based on purely commercial considerations The concept of the juridical person is convenient to the conduct of business by providing for extended life and a limitation on liability, not to mention the right to own property and enter into contracts, which the law reserves to people.But laws might be fashioned to give corporations the same power to own property and sign valid contracts without terming them persons. There is therefore no reason why the types of bodies (if any) which deserve to be endowed with collective rights should coincide with those organisations allotted the status of persons by the law for purely instrumental reasons. For instance, corporations are classified as legal persons, but partnerships are not. Yet there is no obvious reason why the mere act of incorporation by a partnership should endow it with mor al rights which it did not possess before.The misgiving which many lawyers seem to possess that corporations do possess rights can be explained as a psychological response to the unified normative vocabulary with which natural and corporate persons are described. That is, the personification of the corporation leads lawyers to indiscriminately apply concepts to it which are rightly applicable only to natural persons. However although this may be a convenient mode of analysis, it is clearly not conceptually consistent for rights to be accorded to bodies corporate (and to no other collectivities) purely because they bear that designation.Nevertheless, that is precisely what propose should be done. The rationale is that the present paper is not simply a normative, but also a descriptive study. It is apparent that corporate persons are already recognized as more appropriate bearers of rights than non-incorporated bodies under Australian law. It is for this reason that they have proper ty and other common law rights which non-incorporated bodies lack. It is likely, therefore, that any extension of the rights recognised of collectivities under our law will employ this existing category.To extend the recognition of rights to non-incorporated bodies would require the recognition of a third type of personhood hitherto unknown to the law. However enviable this may be, it is not a realistic proposal for law reform. Corporate Personality And Limited Liability Corporate personality refers to the fact that as far as the law is concerned a company personality really exists apart and different from its owners. As a result of this, a company can sue and be sued in its own name, hold its own property and crucially be liable for its own debts.It is this concept that enables limited liability for shareholders to breathe as the debts belong to the legal entity of the company and not to the shareholders in that company. Corporate legal personality arose from the activities of o rganisations such as religious orders and local authorities which were granted rights by the government to hold property and sue and be sued in their own right and not to have to rely on the rights of the members behind the organisation. everywhere time the concept began to be applied to commercial ventures with a public interest element such as rail building ventures and colonial calling businesses.However, modern company law only began in the mid-nineteenth century when a series of Companies Acts were passed which allowed ordinary individuals to form registered companies with limited liability. The way in which corporate personality and limited liability link together is best expressed by examining the key cases- Salomon v Salomon Co. Mr Salomon carried on a business as a welt merchant. In 1892 he organise the company Salomon Co. Ltd. Mr Salomon, his wife and five of his children held one share each in the company.The members of the family held the shares for Mr Salomon beca use the Companies Acts required at that time that there be seven shareholders. Mr Salomon was also the Managing Director of the company. The newly incorporated company purchased the soletrading leather business. The leather business was valued by MrSalomon at ? 39,000. This was not an attempt at a fair valuation rather it represented Mr Salomons confidence in the continued success of the business. The price was paid in ? 0,000 worth of debentures (a debenture is a written acknowledgement of debt like a mortgage see Chapter 7) giving a charge over all the companys assets (this means the debt is secured over the companys assets and Mr Salomon could, if he is not repaid his debt, take the companys assets and sell them to get his money back), plus ? 20,000 in ? 1 shares and ? 9,000 cash. Mr Salomon also at this point paid off all the sole trading business creditors in full. Mr Salomon thus held 20,001 shares in the company, with his family holding the six remaining shares. He was als o, because of the debenture, a secured creditor.However, things did not go well for the leather business and within a year Mr Salomon had to sell his debenture to save the business. This did not have the desire effect and the company was placed in insolvent liquidation (i. e. it had too little money to pay its debts) and a liquidator was appointed (a court appointed official who sells off the remaining assets and distributes the proceeds to those who are owed money by the company, see Chapter 16). The liquidator alleged that the company was but a sham and a mere alias or agent for Mr Salomon and that Mr Salomon was therefore personally liable for the debts of the company.The Court of Appeal agreed, finding that the shareholders had to be a bona fide association who intended to go into business and not just hold shares to comply with the Companies Acts. The House of Lords disagreed and found that- the fact that some of the shareholders are only holding shares as a trivia was irrel evant the registration procedure could be used by an individual to carry on what was in effect aone-man business a company formed in compliance with the regulations of the Companies Acts is a separate person and not the agent or trustee of its controller.As a result, the debts of the company were its own and not those of the members. The members liability was limited to the amount prescribed in the Companies Act i. e. the amount they invested. The decision also confirmed that the use of debentures instead of shares can further protect investors. Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. Mr Macaura owned an estate and some timber. He agreed to sell all the timber on the estate in return for the entire issued share capital of Irish Canadian Saw Mills Ltd.The timber, which amounted to almost the entire assets of the company, wasthen stored on the estate. On 6 February 1922 Mr Macaura insured the timber in his own name. both weeks after a fire destroyed allthe timber on the estate. Mr Macaura tried to claim under theinsurance policy. The insurance company refused to pay outarguing that he had no insurable interest in the timber as the timber belonged to the company. Allegations of fraud were also made against Mr Macaura but never proven. Eventually in 1925 theissue arrived before the House of Lords who found thatThe timber belonged to the company and not Mr Macaura Mr Macaura, even though he owned all the shares in the company, had no insurable interest in the property of the company just as corporate personality facilitates limited liability by having the debts belong to the corporation and not the members, it also means that the companys assets belong to it and not to the shareholders. More modern examples of the Salomon principle and the Macaura problem can be seen in cases such as Barings Plc (In Liquidation) v Coopers Lybrand (No. 4) 2002 2 BCLC 364.In that case a liberation suffered by a parent company as a result of a loss at its subsidiary (a company in which i t held all the shares) was not actionable by the parent the subsidiary was the proper plaintiff. In essence you cant have it both ways limited liability has coarse advantages for shareholders but it also means that the company is a separate legal entity with its own property, rights and obligations. Lee v Lees Air Farming Mr Lee incorporated a company, Lees Air Farming Limited, in August 1954 in which he owned all the shares. Mr Lee was also the sole Governing Director for life.Thus, as with Mr Salomon, he was in essence a sole trader who now operated through a corporation. Mr Lee was also industrious as chief pilot of the company. In March 1956, while Mr Lee was working, the company plane he was flying stalled and crashed. Mr Lee was killed in the crash difference a leave and four infant children. The company as part of its statutory obligations had been paying an insurance policy to cover claims brought under the Workers Compensation Act. The widow claimed she was entitled to compensation under the Act as the widow of a worker.The issue went first to the New Zealand Court of Appeal who found that he was not a worker within the meaning of the Act and so no compensation was payable. The case was appealed to the Privy Council in London. They found that the company and Mr Lee were distinct legal entities and therefore capable of entering into legal relations with one another as such they had entered into a contractual relationship for him to be employed as the chief pilot of the company he could in his role of Governing Director give himself order as chief pilot.It was therefore a master and servant relationship and as such he fitted the definition of worker under the Act. The widow was therefore entitled to compensation. Separate legal personality and limited liability are not the same thing. Limited liability is the logical consequence of the existence of a separate personality. The legal existence of a company (corporation) means it can be responsible fo r its own debts. The shareholders will lose their initial investment in the company but they will not be responsible for the debts of the company.Just as humans can have restrictions imposed on their legal personality (as in the case of children) a company can have legal personality without limited liability if that is how it is conferred by the statute. CONCLUSION person is not artificial or fictitious but real and natural. The realist also contended that the From the discussion on jurisprudence theories of corporate personality by G. W Paton, it is observed that main arguments lie between the fiction and realist theories.The fiction theory claimed that the entity of corporation as a legal person is merely fictitious and only exist with the intendment of the law. On the other hand, from the realist point of view, the entity of the corporation as a legal law merely has the power to recognize a legal entity or refuse to recognize it but the law has no power to create an entity. Refer ring to the English company law case law, it can be seen that in most cases, the court adopted the fiction theory. Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd is the most obvious example.It is also observed that fiction theory provide the most acceptable reasoning in justifying the circumstances whereby court lifted the corporate embryonic membrane of corporation. If the entity of the corporation is real, then the court would not have the right to decide the circumstances where there is separate legal entity of the corporation should be set aside. No human being has the right to decide circumstances whereby the entity of another human being should be set aside. Only law has such privilege.Nonetheless, the realist contention that the corporation obtain its entity as a legal person not because the law granted it to them but because it is generated through its day to day transaction which are later accepted and recognized by law also seem acceptable. Bibliography * A Text Book of Jurisprudence, 2nd Ed , by G. W. Paton * Corporate personality in the twentieth century edited by Ross Grantham * Manupatra. com * Legalservicesindia. com * Westlaw. com 1 . Cf. A. Kocourek, Jural Relations (2nd ed. ), 57. 2 . Stokes, M. Company Law and Legal Theory in Twining, W. ed). Legal Theory and the Common Law. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1986, 155, 162. 3 . Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd 1897 AC 22 4 . First National Bank v Bellotti (1978) 435 US 765 5 . Mark, G. Op. cit. 1472. 6 . cf. Mills v Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150 7 . Woytash, J. We Must Stop Viewing Corporations as People (1978) 64 ABAJ 814 8 . Dan-Cohen, M. Rights, Persons, and Organizations. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986, 5. 9 . Salomon v Salomon & Co. 1897 AC 22 10 . Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. 1925 AC 619 11 . Lee v Lees Air Farming 1961 AC 12

Kalabagh Dam And Hydroelectric Power In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

The Kalabagh block was one and only(a) of the proposed undertakings in Pakistan when it effs to hydroelectric great power workss in the raise. The proposed Kalabagh block was supposed to be build on Indus River. Government of Pakistan was the backing authorization in the expression. Mianwali enunciate was selected as the proposed site of the darn precisely situated at Kalabagh. The part was near to the confines line of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.The very origin of this undertaking was controversial and different authoritiess had a adept argument on the building of this reservoir. It was eventu exclusivelyy in December 2005 when, so General Pervez Musharraf, the President of Pakistan announced that Kalabagh butch leave alone be constructed for the capitaler battle of Pakistan. He made several agreements for the building every(prenominal) bit unafraid during his government.It was back in May 2008 when Raja Pervez Ashraf, the federal Minister for Water and Power of Pakistan called off the Kalabagh butch undertaking. Raja Pervez Ashraf farther justified his determination by saying that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and another(prenominal) stakeholders involved in the undertaking were opposing severely and it was non exe baseball swingable. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Yousaf Raza Gilani postulated in one of his interviews post the 2010 Flood that desolation would hold been manner less if Kalabagh Dam was constructed.Kalabagh Dam was a multi-purpose undertaking in footings of nature and was anticipate to hold a storage capacity of 6.1 gazillion acre pess ( MAF ) . The undertaking was judge to endorse the Water Apportionment Accord ( WAA ) that happened in 1991 harmonizing to which the irrigation system to states was to be streamlined. In add-on to this, the aim of Kalabagh Dam was the handiness of crummy hydropower. The National power grid was anticipating a rise of 3600MW in the production capacity.Kalabagh Dam was supposed to take up 110,500 sq. Miles of Catchment boorish in the Kalabagh Region in District Mianwali. Harmonizing to the statistical analysis, the reparation had a maximal inundation record of 1,200,200 cusecs of water supply back in 1929. The mean one-year H2O flow at the location is found to be an tremendous 91.4 MAF that best suits the location to be turned into a Dam. Kalabagh Dam was a mega undertaking with an expected gross capacity of 7.9 MAF and lively capacity of 6.1 MAF.It was plotted that Kalabagh Dam is change of location to hold power units each bring forthing 300MW, 12 in measure with the turbine caput design of 170 pess. The all over human dynamo was an indoor one and the production in the initial stage was expected to be around 2400MW and finally lift to 3600MW in the running stage.The expected cost of this undertaking back in 1997 was somewhat around Rs. 250 Billion when the US Dollar was drifting at Rs. 45.Kalabagh Dam was planned for the heavy(p)er involvement of the state a nd its resources. Pakistan being one of the blest states around the universe has a plenitude of fresh H2O supplies round the twelvemonth. The geographics of this state is dandy suit for dikes and H2O storages both for storage intents and power coevals intents. Kalabagh Dam was proposed for settling blast the irrigation system and had hydropower potencies as good. The greatest advantage of Kalabagh dike was that it was rendering great consequences on an highly low-cost monetary observe ticket.Kalabagh Dam was the least expensive multi-purpose solution to both the irrigation and power outages. Both the irrigation and power coevals capacities of Pakistan were expected to lift well through the undertaking. It was expected to be the 2nd great irrigation system after the Indus Basin Project in the late 1960 s with same function of doing a good start towards a incorporate national H2O resource development-cum-management system. The undertaking was all set to get down in 1980 s and th e undertaking would hold been in the on the job status by twenty-first Century harmonizing to the engineering back so.The contention started developing from the real start of the undertaking and rose from the state of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The contentions were all wholly based on deficiency of information or hear say. There were reserves in the heads of many people around these states based on pure conservative ideas. There were many alterations made in the initial stage in order to do it look friendly to an mean head but that excessively, was of no usage.LITERATURE REVIEWAs stated earlier, the building of Kalabagh Dam triggered a great contention amongst the four states of Pakistan. It was merely Punjab that favored the undertaking that is anyway the strongest state amongst the four. The other three states expressed their reserves and dissatisfaction on the undertaking and their provincial assemblies passed resolution against the proposal. This places the undertaking int o the consideration stage for a spacious clip until it was confirmed in 2005 and so rejected in 2008.WAPDA has already highlighted the fact that Pakistan is locomotion to be confronting terrible H2O deficit in the hereafter if nil was done to make storages. The H2O handiness in 1951 was every bit low as 5260 three-dimensional metres while it fell to 1038 three-dimensional metres in 2010 whereas the population was 34 million and 172 million severally. Harmonizing to statistics, the least to keep the provinces of a H2O sufficient state is 1000+ three-dimensional metres of H2O.There are even premises that the building of dike is traveling to adversely impact the environment every bit good as any other big dike does. The building might besides displace a figure of people from the site locations. The building was planned to originate in 1984 but did nt get down even as yet.Punjab s nous of PositionPunjab is the lone state in complete choose of the Kalabagh Dam as this undertaking was expected to provide both H2O and hydro-electric power for a really nominal cost. Water demands in Punjab are besides higher as the population here is great as compared to other part of the state. The H2O that flows into the Arabian Sea is a pure waste for those carriage in Punjab where the H2O can be employ to water lands that are sterile.Punjab is in desperate demand of two dikes apart(predicate) from merely the Kalabagh Dam at Bhasha and Skardu. Kalabagh Dam s site is best suitable and this would hold been built at the first topographic dose harmonizing to the demands of the state. The dike was best suited to water Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar.Punjab is the state that will be affected to the maximal extent if the Kalabagh Dam is non built. The Water Treaty between Pakistan and India that initiated in 1960s set the royalty of Sutlej and preconceived opinion into the custodies of India. Ever since this pact was signed, the Ravi, Sutlej and Bias are used merely the season of in undations when India needs to let go of H2O.Electricity produced by H2O is the cheapest amongst all that is produced by other resources. The state even agreed that it is non traveling to acquire any royalty despite the fact that the location of Kalabagh was situated in Punjab.Sindh s appoint of PositionThe strongest of the oppositions of Kalabagh Dam is Sindh on evidences of larceny of H2O by Punjab . Sindh claims that Indus River belongs to it by virtuousness of the name and history. Sindh farther claimed that the building of Mangla and Tarbela was the greatest larceny of H2O that was used for irrigation in Singh. Sindh raised expostulation on the portion of Indus H2O that they receive. The claim was that Kalabagh Dam will water Punjab and North-West Frontier Province.Sindh besides claimed that the coastal countries of the state demand changeless supplies of H2O into the Arabian Sea so that the H2O from the sea does non irrupt into the land. This intruding would go forth a batc h of country of Sindh into saline desert that will come up as an environmental issue. This will besides destruct the coastal Rhizophora mangles.The building of Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam already turned the mighty Indus River turn into a watercourse station the Kotri Barrage in Hyderabad. They besides justified that large dikes can non do on H2O that comes chiefly from rain as it does non rain throughout the twelvemonth. If there was no rain, Sindh did nt see any H2O station the Kotri Barrage. The location is said to be unsuitable for such a building as there are legion breaks on the lowest point of the vale.There were a figure of other environmental jobs that were non addressed in the yesteryear. Silt is the greatest of the issues that can do H2O deficit impacting the capacity of Manchar Lake and Haleji Lake. The Sindhis were non convinced with the attempts of President Musharraf and the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz mentioning to the H2O larceny that took topographic point in 1991.Po litical Parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement who was in favour of General Musharraf and was ally in the Federal Assembly were badly opposing the thought of Kalabagh Dam. Parties like PMLN retracted themselves from their stances saying that the Dam should be built for the greater involvement of the state.Khyber Pakhtunkhwa s Point of PositionKhyber Pakhtunkhwa s point of position is pretty different from that of other states. Their first claim was that Punjab was neer good at carry throughing promises. The state was non even believable for maintaining up the constituent(a) warrants. Another of their concern was with mention to the Ghazi-Barotha hydro electric power. They claim that the full canal system of Ghazi-Barotha system tally in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while the turbines lie 500 metres at bottom the Punjab state but the royalty is rejected to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.The royalty of coevals of Kalabagh dike became an issue even when the undertaking was finalized as people populating in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa expected the Federal Government to be unfair in giving royalty to the state alternatively expected them to travel for the favour of Punjab. They besides stated that the Nowshehra District will be submerged by the dike and there will be even more part of the state being affected from water-logging and salt.Balochistan s Point of PositionBalochistan is non straight affected by the Kalabagh Dam instead there have been a figure of patriots Baloch Standards that consider that Punjab has been governing the smaller states in the yesteryear. newsKalabagh dike has been a difference of all time since the really thought was incepted. There have been terrible resistance to the building of Kalabagh Dam through all times from three States of Pakistan and none apart from Punjab merely have favored the building of Kalabagh Dam. There were different evidences posed by other provincial authoritiess warranting that Kalabagh Dam should non be constructed. General Pervez Musharra f, ex-president Pakistan had elusive programs to build Kalabagh Dam in 2016 harmonizing to the feasibleness study ( Fulcher, 2006 ) .The dike site close to Kohat part and the Khewra salt mines was controversial from the really first twenty-four hours and the later was the largest operating salt mine around the universe. There was a immense hazard that the salt will leach in immense measures from the scopes into the river Indus and the overall hydrology of the part is traveling to alter drastically. This came up as another great concern to the oppositions who were non in the favour of Kalabagh Dam.The aforesaid literature recap has set a batch of things clear to us including the advantages and disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam. The Water and Power Development Authority has suggested that the entire land that will be submerged as a consequence of Kalabagh Dam is about 14,000 hectares ( Fulcher, 2006 ) . There were certain independent appraisals as good some of which went high up to a mon olithic 74,000 hectares. The covert appraisals were all overdone and were meant for nil but propaganda against the proposed developmental undertakings. Even the first portion of the appraisal did non account for the land that will be inundated in instance of a river inundation happening. It even does non account for the land that will be taken up in instance the degree of the river rose.The building of Kalabagh Dam has a figure of advantages apart from the few disadvantages excessively. There is no manner that we can disregard the disadvantages but we can surely look for ways to cut down the impact. There are advocated distributed all across the state apart from the oppositions. The major protagonism comes from the state of Punjab and from the technocrats of Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah. They have a figure of claims to recommend that Kalabagh Dam is traveling to help the state acquiring rid of power and H2O deficit.The best protagonism lies in the H2O deficit. As mentioned above, Pakistan is traveling towards a province where H2O scarceness is traveling to predominate and the possibility of one dike on the Indus River ( Iyer, 2006 ) comes up as the best justification that sets Kalabagh Dam an of import undertaking. It is non merely agribusiness that Kalabagh Dam is associated with but besides electricity. There has been a unsafe power deficit for old ages today and the most appropriate solution to the deficit is hydroelectric power that Pakistan has the potency of bring forthing at a really sensible monetary valuate. The fabrication sector of the state needs Kalabagh Dam for the power issue for a sustainable advancement of the state ( Khan, 2009 ) .Mangla Dam, Tarbela Dam, Chashma Barrage were first-class undertakings that provided Pakistan with H2O for irrigation and power at the same topographic point but the siltation procedure has caused a batch of volume shortage. The deposit in the dike can non be dealt with until or unless an option is built and the best alternate possibly is Kalabagh Dam. Kalabagh Dam will come up as an add-on storage volume that will run into the H2O lack in the early Kharif period runing from the months of April-June. This has a critical value for the cotton harvest turning in Sindh. The Kalabagh Dam, on the satisfying will apportion H2O harmonizing to the WAA-1991 and will modulate high inundation hazards in the Indus river every bit good as bring forthing Hydro-Power to power the whole of Pakistan ( Khokhar, 2008 ) .In times when Tarbela was non build, the one-year mean H2O flight was 38 Million Acre Feet down the stairs Kotri that rose to 64 subsequently on. With the building of Kalabagh Dam, this can be brought back to 32MAF ( Al-Khobar, 2011 ) . Another 26MAF out of this 32 can be easy controlled and utilized to mother the backward countries of Pakistan into usage by utilizing the national H2O resources development attack.The primary energy beginning of Pakistan is oil and gas where the demand oil and gas in the state is estimated to be around 51 million metric tons of oil equivalent ( TOE ) ( The Nations, 2010 ) . Pakistan is bring forthing 34 million TOE periodic while the shortage is met through imports chiefly. As an option to this, the big graduated table hydropower incorporated with a multi-purpose storage can attend to cut down the cost of electric supply within the range of a standard consumer.The best portion of Kalabagh Dam is the add-on of 2400 MW of electric power to the National Grid in the early stage and finally lifting to 3600 MW installed power ( WAPDA ) . This will greatly cut down the burden casting issue that the state is confronting as of now with the industry and production traveling in serious debt.A impersonal argument will acquire in a batch more so this into history and one can happen another set of advantages of Kalabagh Dam for the prosperity and unity of this state. The greatest of them is a decreased dependence on trade fuels that accounts for a imme nse amount of our foreign modesty. Kalabagh Dam can guarantee scotch prosperity of Pakistan if the undertaking is handled with attention. It besides produces employment for 30,000 persons around the state during the building stage and there will be a batch more who will be employed after the undertaking is commissioned.Construction monetary value is another concern for Government of Pakistan while the direct benefits from Kalabagh dike suggest that the dike will pay 25 billion per annum therefore accounting for the whole investing in 9-10 old ages ( Khokhar, 2008 ) . The energy generated at Kalabagh Dam is expected to be around 20 million barrels of oil yearly. This will assist cutting short the import budget every bit good as the transit and handling charges that are charged for treating the imported oil.Apart from the economic point of position, the Kalabagh Dam Project has several societal benefits excessively out of which settling down of the grudge from Southern Punjab are the greatest of all. Kalabagh Dam is traveling to water major parts of Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar therefore a major grudge from the part will be settled down itself. In add-on, Punjab state does non claim any royalty on the coevals of resources from Kalabagh Dam, it is merely the lack of trust that does non allow this undertaking happen.DecisionPakistan is into a province where the lacks are at its extremums. Pakistan has long been known as an agricultural state and agribusiness is non possible without irrigation. The current state of affairs is traveling quickly towards H2O scarceness hence doing serious injury to the agricultural sector of Pakistan. In add-on to that, the electric power coevals beginnings have all been exhausted. Even Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam have go into the last phases of their lives, the demand of Kalabagh Dam this minute is critical to run into the demands of both irrigation and power.There are legion disadvantages of the building of Kalabagh Dam that has rai sed a serious resistance from other parts of the state chiefly from Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah and Sindh Provinces. The overall resistance has been propagated so good that the common adult male life in these parts negotiations about the disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam and non about the advantages. This is non merely it Punjab has long been known as the powerful ordering state that is another serious hinderance in the building of Kalabagh Dam.Kalabagh Dam, one time constructed will render a figure of advantages to the state both socially and economically cutting short the power shortage that prevails in the state. I am sitting in dark this minute due to power deficit here in Pakistan and there is no solution that seems to be apart from building of hydroelectric power that is both inexpensive and convenient..

African American Gay Rights Essay

I can non begin to argue about African American/Hispanic LGBT, living in rude(a) York City and their civil rights without remembering the mankind outcry against black civil rights. Although the focus of this paper is on African American/Hispanic LGBT living in New York City and Their Rights to Marriage I suck up decided to start my paper of by discussing the civil rights elbow grease of the 1960s. The civil rights movement of the 1960s and the continuing struggle against race-based discrimination were rooted in the struggle against slavery.As early as the eighteen hundreds the United States legislative had laws k forthwithn as segregation laws that limited certain freedom to them. They had to live in separate neighborhood, attend separate schools, drive in the back of public buses verses in the front where Whites were African American would not dare go against these laws back then because if and when they did, they were unjustly imprisoned, beaten lynched and more for just trying to practice session human rights. In the 1960s African Americans led a struggle to remove the legally codified vestiges of slavery from our constitution and from state and local laws. near repulsive among these, were Jim Crow laws that required racial segregation African Americans had to endure all these things until The Civil Rights Movement. The modern concept of civil rights was pioneered by African Americans in their long struggle to become full citizens of the United States. From the Civil Rights Movement to the Stonewall Riots of 1969 to May 17, 2004, the LGBTQ movement has make well-nigh tremendous gains into mainstream society, a public that has not been afforded to African Americans. The African American Civil Rights Movement gave birth to many other civil rights movements in the 1960s.African Americans not only made new law, their success gave new hope. Among the many efforts sparked by the African American Civil Rights Movements were the efforts to end discrimination against women, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, people with disabilities and lesbians and queers. any(prenominal) African American still has one more river to cross because now African American LGBT are fighting a new civil war, the fight for same sex marriage ceremony the right to be legally married. Currently, marriage has two distinct components civil marriage and the religious ritual of marriage.Mixed-gender couples can have a civil marriage without the religious ceremony/ritual. Couples can have a religious ceremony/ritual, without a civil marriage. Some couples can demand both. However, to receive the legal protections of marriage, a couple must have a civil marriage, which is the only marriage that can be addressed by courts or legislatures. The LBGT believe that the rights and legal protections of civil marriage that are launchn to mixed-gender couples and families should also be extended to couples and families who are headed by same-gender c ouples.These include the rights of survivorship, inheritance, insurance, joint income tax filing, and a myriad of rights that many mixed-gender couples take for granted. For African American LGBT, state regulation has been particularly harsh. State sodomy law has had a way of preventing LGBT from acquiring some of the rights they are entitle to. Today, fewer than half the state has sodomy laws. LGBT recognizes New York City for being the birth place for many modern gay movements however, New York has not yet passed any law giving LGBT legal protection and political support, (right to marriage being on of them).New York State gay rights bill, maiden introduced in 1971, still has not become law. While other states, like Vermont has established civil unions for LGBT, New York has not. Andy Humm writes that the biggest gay-related debate throughout the country right now is over government sanction of same-sex elationships. Vermont has gone the furthest, establishing civil unions for ga y couples that confer almost all of the rights to which a married man and woman are entitled, though stopping short of full legal marriage.New Yorkers may travel to Vermont for the civil ceremony as of July 1, but there is some question as to what legal weight it will carry back home. The federal government enacted the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in 1996 when it looked as if Hawaii might give same-sex couples marriage licenses. It barred federal recognition of legal same-sex marriages performed in any state and gave the other states the right not to honor such a contract.xxxii states have passed laws barring recognition of same-sex marriages performed in other states, even though no state or nation allows gay couples to obtain a marriage license. (Holland will likely be the first in 2001. ) A New York version of the Defense of Marriage Act is pending in Albany, but has not had a vote in either chamber. Bibliography Diane Silver et al. , The New Civil War The Lesbian and Gay Strug gle For Civil Rights (New York New York1997), 25-26 Andy Humm, The State of gay rights in New York, Available http//www. gothamgazette. com/iotw/gayrights/ (Accessed May 16, 2005).